1997.

December 17, 1997
M2-9 "Twin Jet Nebula"
WF/PC2

May 12, 1997
Galaxy M84
WF/PC + STIS

1996.

June 10, 1996
Eta Carinae
WF/PC2

April 24, 1996
Andromeda galaxy (M31)
WF/PC2

 

1995.

April 10, 1995 N132D
WF/PC2

October 10, 1995
Ganymede
WF/PC2

1994.

January 14, 1994
WFPC-2
Eta Carinae

December 21, 1994
WFPC2
Saturn

  

1993.

September 30, 1993
Nova Cygni 1992
Faint Object Camera (ultra violet)

April 14, 1993
Herbig-Haro object #2 (HH-2)
Faint object camera

 

1992.

April 8, 1992
N66, a planetary nebula
Faint object camera

June 8, 1992
Spiral galaxy M51
Faint object spectograph

1991.

March 18, 1991
WF/PC
Mars

May 17, 1991
WF/PC
Eta Carinae (supernova)

 

1990.

September 13, 1990
"Einstein Cross"
Gravitational lens G2237 + 0305
Faint Object Camera

November 20, 1990
Saturn
WF/PC

Binding.

I found a gorgeous publication using the binding technique I decided on for this project, restoring my faith in the idea, it creates an aesthetic that represent a publication of information, which is exactly what mine will be, using inserts and other stocks throughout my publication may over whelm the information so I will be sticking to one stock for the inside of the book, I'm thinking double sided gloss as there will be a lot high res imagery throughout.

Aesthetics.

Some inspiring aesthetics found on Maggie Chok's portfolio, a project named we the universe uses lovely colour and structured typefaces to represent the universe, I want to find a stuctured typeface for my publication design, something that delivers a lot of information well also, Din seems like a great choice as it is ever so slightly condensed yet maintains legibility.

Timeline.

Since my publication for the 20 years of Hubble will be based on a timeline format i need to gather as much information about Hubble's past as i can, i will begin the story with Edwin Hubble, the man the telescope is named after, i already have a comfortable amount of research for him as it will be a short paragraph about his past and achievements.

The chapters will be as stated:


› Hubble legacy

› Edwin Hubble. 1889 - 1953 (1918 discovered dopler shift)

› Concept of space telescope is born. 1923

› LST large space telescope is approved. 1977

› Production of the telescope and initial instruments begins. 1981 - 1985

› Challenger Disaster. 1986

› Launch of the telescope. 1990. 25 April

› Spherical aberration discovered in the Hubble primary mirror. 1990. 25 June

› COSTAR approved: The creation of a complex package of five optical mirror pairs to rectify the spherical aberration in Hubble's primary mirror. 1990

› First Servicing Mission (STS-61) launched on 2 December 1993 (Endeavour).
COSTAR corrective optics installed, replacing HSP (High Speed Photometer).
WFPC2 (Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2) replaced WFPC1 (Wide Field and Planetary Camera 1). 1993

› First images since repairs. 1994

› Hubble deep field. 1996

› Servicing Mission 2 (STS-82) launched on 11 February 1997 (Discovery). 1996

STIS (Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph) replaced FOS (Faint Object Spectrograph). NICMOS (Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrograph) replaces GHRS (Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph).

›  Servicing Mission 3A (STS-103) launched on 19 December 1999 (Discovery).

Replacement of gyroscopes. General maintenance (no science instruments replaced).

Telescope placed in safe mode after 4th gyroscope failed. 1999

› Servicing Mission 3B launched on 1 March 2002.

Installation of ACS. Installation of NICMOS Cooling System (NCS). Installation of new Solar Panels. 2002

› Hubble Ultra Deep Field released. 2005

Hubble images two previously unknown moons orbiting Pluto.

› Servicing Mission 4 (STS-125) launched on 11 May 2009.
Installation of WFC3 (Wide Field Camera 3).
Installation of COS (Cosmic Origins Spectrograph).
STIS and ACS repaired.
Gyroscopes and batteries replaced.
Soft Capture Mechanism installed. NOBLs (New Outer Blanket Layers) installed. 2009

› Hubble images show distant galaxies with likely redshifts greater than 8, showing the Universe as it was when it was less than a tenth of its current age. 2010

› Hubble makes its millionth observation, a spectroscopic analysis of the exoplanet HAT-P-7b. 2011


This is a lot of information to gather and use but i feel comfortable with the time i have left, once i have specified my design direction it will be come much more managable.

packaging.

Looking into how i could package my books as I said earlier I would like to present the book as through an experience created with stock choice and packaging, something for the audience to feel like their involved, a filing system could work as it would feel as though their part of the project receiving personal files made soley for the Hubble journey.
This beautiful Fedrigoni packaging does just that colour coding the project using a grey file to let the colours stand out, the packaging I will use will be quite dull so the publications can do all the talking.
Adding small details such as the string does a lot for the project also.

Hubble instruments.

With this project being a celebration of Hubble's achievements over the past 20 years i wanted to create the publications as timelines, exploring when Hubble started and how it progressed due to instrument installments, i would like the two publications (one representing images found over the 20 years and one representing the technical side, including installments etc.) to correlate and work as one, i will experiment with layout and design to see if i can get both as separate publications that connect some how and work together.

The main Hubble components are:

Mirrors:

Hubble's two mirrors were ground so that they do not deviate from a perfect curve by more than 1/800,000th of an inch. If Hubble's primary mirror were scaled up to the diameter of the Earth, the biggest bump would be only six inches tall.

Primary Mirror Diameter: 94.5 in (2.4 m)
Primary Mirror Weight: 1,825 lb (828 kg)
Secondary Mirror Diameter: 12 in (0.3 m)
Secondary Mirror Weight: 27.4 lb (12.3 kg)

Solar arrays.

Flanking the telescope's tube are two thin, blue solar arrays. Each wing-like array has a solar cell "blanket" that converts the Sun's energy into 2,800 watts of electricity. The solar arrays convert sunlight directly into electricity to run the telescope's scientific instruments, computers and radio transmitters.

The solar arrays are designed for replacement by visiting astronauts. They can be folded for shuttle trips to and from Hubble.

Exterior body.
Designers of the Hubble Space Telescope had to take into account the conditions in which it was to operate. Hubble would be subject to the rigors of zero gravity and temperature extremes — fluctuations of more than 100 degrees Fahrenheit during each trip around Earth.

Hubble's optical system is held together by a truss (supporting "skeleton") measuring 210 in (5.3 m) in length and 115 in (2.9 m) in diameter. The 252 lb (114 kg) truss is made of graphite epoxy — the same material used in many golf clubs, tennis racquets and bicycles. Graphite epoxy is a stiff, strong, and lightweight material that resists expanding and contracting in extremes of temperature. 

Pointing instruments.

Gyroscopes.

Hubble's pointing assistants, always face the same direction, like the needle of a compass. They sense the telescope's angular motion and provide a short-term reference point to help Hubble zero in on its target.

Reaction wheels.

These are Hubble's "steering" system. The reaction wheels spin one way, and Hubble spins the other. Flight software commands the reaction wheels to spin, accelerating or decelerating as needed to rotate the telescope toward a new target.

Fine guidance system.

These are Hubble's targeting devices. They aim the telescope by locking onto "guide stars" and measuring the position of the telescope relative to the target. The sensors provide the precise reference point from which the telescope can begin repositioning.

Science instruments.

Wide field & planetary camera.

The Wide Field/Planetary Camera (WFPC) (pronounced as wiffpick) was a camera installed on the Hubble Space Telescope until December 1993. This first WFPC consisted of two separate cameras, each comprising 4 800x800 pixel Texas Instruments CCDs arranged to cover a contiguous field of view. The Wide Field camera had a 0.1 arcsecond pixel scale and was intended for the panoramic observations of faint sources at the cost of angular resolution. The Planetary Camera had a 0.043 arcsecond pixel scale and was intended for high-resolution observations. Selection between the two cameras was done with a four-facetted pyramid that rotated by 45 degrees.

As part of the corrective service mission (STS-61 in December 1993) the WFPC was swapped out for a replacement version. The Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 improved on its predecessor and incorporated corrective optics needed to overcome the main mirror defect. To avoid potential confusion, the WFPC is now most commonly referred to as WFPC1.

On its return to Earth, the WFPC was disassembled and parts of it were used in Wide Field Camera 3, which was installed in Hubble on May 14, 2009 as part of Servicing Mission 4, replacing WFPC2.

Cosmic Spectograph.

The Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS or HRS) was a spectrograph installed on the Hubble Space Telescope. It was replaced by the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) in 1997.

High speed photometer.

The High Speed Photometer (HSP) was a scientific instrument installed on the Hubble Space Telescope. The HSP was designed to measure the brightness and polarity of rapidly varying celestial objects. It could observe in ultraviolet, visible light, and near infrared at a rate of one measurement per 10 microseconds. The design was novel in that despite being able to view through a variety of filters and apertures, it had no moving parts.

The HSP was one of the instruments on Hubble at launch. Its primary mission was compromised by the optical problems with the telescope, although some projects were still successful. During the first servicing mission, in December 1993, it was replaced by the Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR), which corrected the optical problem for the remaining instruments.

Faint object camera.

The Faint Object Camera (FOC) was a camera installed on the Hubble Space Telescope from launch in 1990 until 2002. It was replaced by the Advanced Camera for Surveys.

The camera was built by Dornier GmbH and was funded by the European Space Agency. The unit actually consists of two complete and independent camera systems designed to provide extremely high resolution, exceeding 0.05 arcseconds. It is designed to view very faint UV light from 115 to 650 nanometers in wavelength.
The camera was designed to operate at low, medium, or high resolution.

Advanced camera for surveys.


The Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) is a third generation axial instrument aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). ACS is a highly versatile instrument that became the primary imaging instrument aboard HST. It offered several important advantages over other HST instruments: three independent, high-resolution channels covering the ultraviolet to the near-infrared regions of the spectrum, a large detector area and quantum efficiency, resulting in an increase in HST's discovery efficiency by a factor of ten, a rich complement of filters, and coronagraphic, polarimetric, and grism capabilities. The observations undertaken with ACS provided astronomers with a view of the Universe with uniquely high sensitivity, as exemplified by the Hubble Ultra Deep Field, and encompass a wide range of astronomical phenomena, from comets and planets in our Solar System to the most distant quasars known.

Faint object spectograph.

The Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS) was a spectrograph installed on the Hubble Space Telescope. It was replaced by the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph in 1997, and is now on display in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC.

Space telescope imaging spectograph.

The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) is a spectrograph, also with a camera mode, installed on the Hubble Space Telescope. It operated continuously from 1997 until a power supply failure in 2004. After repairs, it began operating again in 2009. The spectrograph has made many important observations, including the first spectrum of the atmosphere of an extrasolar planet, HD 209458b.

The STIS was installed on Hubble in 1997 during its second servicing mission (STS-82) by Mark Lee and Steven Smith, replacing the High Resolution Spectrograph and the Faint Object Spectrograph. It was designed to operate for five years. On August 3, 2004 an electronic failure rendered STIS inoperable, ending its use 2 years beyond its predicted lifespan. In order to bring it back to operational status, the instrument was repaired by space shuttle astronauts during STS-125, Servicing Mission 4, launched on May 11, 2009. The STIS has three 1024×1024 detector arrays. The first is a charge-coupled device with a 52×52 arc-second field of view, covering the visible and near-infrared spectrum from 200 nm to 1030 nm. The other two detectors are Multi-Anode Multichannel Arrays, each with a 25×25 arc-second field of view. One is Cs2Te, and covers the near-UV between 160 nm and 310 nm. The other is CsI and covers the far-UV between 115 nm and 170 nm.

Fine guidance systems.

Two of the sensors point the telescope at an astronomical target and then hold that target in a scientific instrument's field of view. The third sensor is available to perform scientific observations.

The sensors aim the telescope by locking onto "guide stars" and measure the position of the telescope relative to the object being viewed. Adjustments based on these constant, minute measurements keep Hubble pointed precisely in the right direction.

Corrective optics (COSTAR).

The Corrective Optics Space Telescope Axial Replacement (COSTAR), removed from Hubble during Servicing Mission 4 in 2009, was an ingenious device created to solve a famous Hubble Space Telescope problem. By placing small and carefully designed mirrors in front of the original Hubble instruments, COSTAR --installed during the 1993 First Servicing Mission -- successfully improved their vision to their original design goals.

Servicing.

When Hubble was created the scientist designed the telescope to be modified through the years so to could keep up with current technologies, this enabled Hubble to evolve and become more powerful, these are the modifications Hubble recieved:

Servicing mission 001.

The telescope had always been designed so that it could be regularly serviced, but after the problems with the mirror came to light, the first servicing mission assumed a much greater importance, as the astronauts would have to carry out extensive work on the telescope to install the corrective optics. The seven astronauts selected for the mission were trained intensively in the use of the hundred or more specialized tools that would be needed. The Space Shuttle Endeavour mission STS-61 took place in December 1993, and involved installation of several instruments and other equipment over 10 days.

Most importantly, the High Speed Photometer was replaced with the COSTAR corrective optics package, and WFPC was replaced with the Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) with its internal optical correction system. In addition, the solar arrays and their drive electronics were replaced, as well as four of the gyroscopes used in the telescope pointing system, two electrical control units and other electrical components, and two magnetometers. The onboard computers were upgraded, and finally, the telescope's orbit was boosted, to compensate for the orbital decay from 3 years of drag in the tenuous upper atmosphere.

On January 13, 1994, NASA declared the mission a complete success and showed the first of many much sharper images. At the time, the mission had been one of the most complex ever undertaken, involving five lengthy periods of extra-vehicular activity, and its resounding success was an enormous boon for NASA, as well as for the astronomers who now had a fully capable space telescope.

Servicing mission 002.

Servicing Mission 2, flown by Discovery (STS-82) in February 1997, replaced the GHRS and the FOS with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) and the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS), replaced an Engineering and Science Tape Recorder with a new Solid State Recorder, repaired thermal insulation and again boosted Hubble's orbit. NICMOS contained a heat sink of solid nitrogen to reduce the thermal noise from the instrument, but shortly after it was installed, an unexpected thermal expansion resulted in part of the heat sink coming into contact with an optical baffle. This led to an increased warming rate for the instrument and reduced its original expected lifetime of 4.5 years to about 2 years.

Servicing mission 003a.

Servicing Mission 3A flown by Discovery (STS-103), took place in December 1999, and was a split-off from Servicing Mission 3 after three of the six onboard gyroscopes had failed. (A fourth failed a few weeks before the mission, rendering the telescope incapable of performing scientific observations.) The mission replaced all six gyroscopes, replaced a Fine Guidance Sensor and the computer, installed a Voltage/temperature Improvement Kit (VIK) to prevent battery overcharging, and replaced thermal insulation blankets. The new computer is 20 times faster, with six times more memory, than the DF-224 it replaced. It increases throughput by moving some computing tasks from the ground to the spacecraft, and saves money by allowing the use of modern programming languages.

Servicing mission 003b.

Servicing Mission 3B flown by Columbia (STS-109) in March 2002 saw the installation of a new instrument, with the FOC (the last original instrument) being replaced by the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). This meant that COSTAR was no longer required, since all new instruments had correction for the main mirror aberration built in. The mission also revived NICMOS and replaced the solar arrays for the second time, providing 30 percent more power.

Servicing mission 004.

Servicing Mission 4 (SM4), which took place in May 2009, was the last scheduled shuttle mission (STS-125) for the Hubble Space Telescope. The mission was delayed to replace the Science Instrument Command and Data Handling (SI C&DH). SM4, with a replacement SI C&DH unit, was launched aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis. SM4 installed two new instruments, Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), and the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS), repaired the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), and replaced other components. These efforts are expected to keep the telescope fully functioning at least into 2014, and perhaps longer. SM4 also installed the Soft Capture and Rendezvous System, which will enable the future rendezvous, capture, and safe disposal of Hubble by either a crewed or robotic mission.

Edwin Hubble.

Edwin Hubble was an American astronomer who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as one of the most important observational cosmologists of the 20th century. Hubble is generally mistakenly known for "Lemaître's law", discovered by Georges Lemaître, which is known more extensively as "Hubble's law".

Edwin's discoveries.

The universe goes beyond the milky way.

Edwin Hubble's arrival at Mount Wilson, California, in 1919 coincided roughly with the completion of the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker Telescope, then the world's largest telescope. At that time, the prevailing view of the cosmos was that the universe consisted entirely of the Milky Way Galaxy. Using the Hooker Telescope at Mt. Wilson, Hubble identified Cepheid variables (a kind of star) in several spiral nebulae, including the Andromeda Nebula and Triangulum. His observations, made in 1922–1923, proved conclusively that these nebulae were much too distant to be part of the Milky Way and were, in fact, entire galaxies outside our own.

Red shift increases with distance.

Combining his own measurements of galaxy distances based on Henrietta Swan Leavitt's period-luminosity relationship for Cepheids with Vesto Slipher and Milton L. Humason's measurements of the redshifts associated with the galaxies, he discovered a rough proportionality of the objects' distances with their red shifts. Though there was considerable scatter (now known to be due to peculiar velocities), he was able to plot a trend line from the 46 galaxies and obtained a value for the Hubble Constant of 500 km/s/Mpc, which is much higher than the currently accepted value due to errors in their distance calibrations.

Instruments.

Mt. Wilson Observatory: The hooker telescope.

The Mount Wilson Observatory (MWO) is an astronomical observatory in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The MWO is located on Mount Wilson, a 5,715-foot (1,742 m) peak in the San Gabriel Mountains near Pasadena, northeast of Los Angeles. The observatory contains two historically important telescopes: the 60 inches (1.5 m) Hale telescope built in 1908, and the 100 inches (2.5 m) Hooker telescope, which was the largest telescope in the world from its completion in 1917 until 1948.

Hubble space telescope.

Thinking about which direction to take my project after a few meetings with tutors and a few questions have been raised;

- Why would the launch of the telescope require a publication?
- Would a launch need information and wayfinding?
- With the James Webb telescope not being in operation at the moment what imagery will be used?

These question led me to re think the whole project and start fresh with a more appropriate idea.

With the Hubble telescope in operation for over 20 years now and coming to an end in the next 12 months i decided it would be a better idea to set up an exhibition focusing on the Hubble space telescopes achievements, this will allow me to develop publications for the project and also set up a proposed exhibition giving me the opportunity to design information and way finding, also this project will co-inside with my dissertation, 'Branding within public sectors; why NASA is one of the least funded of government organisations.

I will create two publications for the event, as the exhibition will also have two section, the first focusing on the technical aspects of the space telescope i.e. the mirror, the instruments used within and what they are capable of, the second part of the exhibition will focus on the Hubble's discoveries and images taken in the last 20 years, such as the Ultra deep field, the most distant objects ever seen in the universe.

International year of Chemistry.

Looking at promotional material used throughout other science based design projects, i found this International year of chemistry series by Simon Page, these posters are wonderfully simple and grab your attention whilst delivering the message instantly, info graphics are something i will be using throughout the publication and across the exhibition space, i aim to develop a series of info graphics relating to the subject matter shown at the event.

Numerografia.

To use throughout the publications and the gallery it self i would like to design a Typeface with numbers for headlines, it would need to be bold and clear using a very information based aesthetic, these are along the lines of what i would like to create, a little bit busier than i'd like thou, the type would need to be sleek and more considered than this.

Mission report.

For the publication itself i want to create a mission report aesthetic, so the reader feels involved with the subject, there are really nice ways to create this aesthetic too, using simple file binding clips and plain stocks, at the minute I'm considering using a light brown stock for the cover due to it's simplicity and let the information and images speak for themselves through the book.

This wonderful publication design found on James Kape's portfolio is a similar aesthetic to what I want to create, hopefully my publication design will have more character to it but this gave me a lot of inspiration and got some ideas flowing.

.Gallucci.

Looking through Magdalena Czarnecki's website and found this wonderful piece of packaging for the independent Punk band ‘Gallucci', i need to consider with my Hubble publication how the audience will interact with the book, the designer also allowed the band to use the tape on anything they wanted, this gives the item a more personal touch.